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hisstory of pakistan


History

Pakistan was one of the two original successor
states to British India, which was partitioned along religious lines in
1947. For almost 25 years following independence, it consisted of two
separate regions, East and West Pakistan, but now it is made up only of
the western sector. Both India and Pakistan have laid claim to the Kashmir
region; this territorial dispute led to war in 1949, 1965, 1971, 1999,
and remains unresolved today.
What is now Pakistan was in prehistoric times
the Indus Valley civilization (c. 2500–1700
BC
). A series of invaders—Aryans, Persians,
Greeks, Arabs, Turks, and others—controlled the region for the next
several thousand years. Islam, the principal religion, was introduced in
711. In 1526, the land became part of the Mogul Empire, which ruled most
of the Indian subcontinent from the 16th to the mid-18th century. By 1857,
the British became the dominant power in the region. With Hindus holding
most of the economic, social, and political advantages, the Muslim
minority's dissatisfaction grew, leading to the formation of the
nationalist Muslim League in 1906 by Mohammed Ali Jinnah
(1876–1949). The league supported Britain in the Second World War
while the Hindu nationalist leaders, Nehru and Gandhi, refused. In return
for the league's support of Britain, Jinnah expected British backing for
Muslim autonomy. Britain agreed to the formation of Pakistan as a separate
dominion within the Commonwealth in Aug. 1947, a bitter disappointment to
India's dream of a unified subcontinent. Jinnah became governor-general.
The partition of Pakistan and India along religious lines resulted in the
largest migration in human history, with 17 million people fleeing across
the borders in both directions to escape the accompanying sectarian
violence.